| Sept 23, 1998 #065 | ||||||||||||||
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A DrugSense Publication | ||||||||||||||
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Table of Contents
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FEATURE ARTICLE (Top) | ||||||||||||||
Editors Note: We normally do not publish or promote press releases or
unpublished articles but felt that this well written piece deserved an
exception to the rule particularly in view of the article referenced
in the "Tip of the Week" section. | ||||||||||||||
COMMENT: (Top) | ||||||||||||||
by Kevin Zeese | ||||||||||||||
The children of Redford are afraid to go out and play after school;
their parents fear going for walks at sunset -- they fear Marines are
hidden in the bushes. Ever since the fatal shooting death of Esequiel
Hernandez, Jr. by US Marines on May 20, 1997 the citizens of Redford
have been denied the opportunity to speak publicly about the event.
They were not asked to testify before the state or federal grand jury.
They were not interviewed by Department of Justice officials who
investigated civil rights violations. So far, Congress has not held
any hearings into the shooting death. | ||||||||||||||
Our lead column this week highlights their first public statement. The
statement was delivered last week as testimony about the environmental
impact of various military projects along the US-Mexican border. For a
detailed report of the shooting see "Tip of the Week" where we provide
links to an article that appeared in the San Antonio Current by Monte
Paulsen. | ||||||||||||||
A Statement from the Redford Citizens' Committee for Justice Regarding
the Activities of JTF6 delivered by Enrique Madrid at environmental
impact hearing | ||||||||||||||
By THE REDFORD CITIZENS' COMMITTEE FOR JUSTICE Redford, Texas | ||||||||||||||
September 17, 1998 | ||||||||||||||
"Since JTF6 has proven ineffective in accomplishing any of its stated missions the intelligent course, in order to save taxpayer money and to protect the constitutional rights of citizens and the welfare of the environment, would be to discontinue JTF6 Support Services to shut it down. | ||||||||||||||
"We have the following objections to those operations of JTF6 which we are
familiar with: | ||||||||||||||
"1. The use by JTF6 of military personnel in construction projects violates the American spirit of fair play and free enterprise because: | ||||||||||||||
A. They impose grossly unfair competition against civilian contractors who
are denied bidding for this work. | ||||||||||||||
B. They deny civilian workers who would benefit from gainful employment in such project especially in high-unemployment areas throughout the border. | ||||||||||||||
C. Their building of new roads and other projects imposes an undue burden
on County governments to maintain such facilities with monies not
authorized by taxpayers and voters. | ||||||||||||||
"2. The use of military personnel by JTF6 and INS in enforcement and
construction operations has the potential of adversely affecting the
military preparedness of U.S. Forces. The use of soldiers on the border
exposes them to serious confrontations leading to the deaths of American
citizens. American soldiers are thus placed in jeopardy of being indicted,
tried, convicted, imprisoned, and sentenced to death in State Courts for
crimes committed while on duty. These circumstances will lead to the
demoralization of the Armed Forces, and a demoralized military is an
unprepared one. The "Department of Defense may not provide any support
which will adversely affect military preparedness." (Report of Major
General John T. Coyne, USMC, item 692, page 105) | ||||||||||||||
"3. Massive financial settlements paid out by the Federal Government
for claims by Americans citizens against law enforcement and military
agencies as a result of such crimes will pose an unfair and undue
burden on American taxpayers. | ||||||||||||||
"4. JTF6 and Marine Corps activities in Redford in particular would have
been extremely serious violations of International Law in times of war due
to their impact on civilian noncombatants: | ||||||||||||||
A. Military units must be under the control of a commander. The Coyne Report points out systemic failures at all levels of command, inadequate coordination among all agencies involved, and an obfuscation of the responsibilities of everyone from top to bottom to the point that, essentially, no one was in charge of the Marines at Redford. | ||||||||||||||
B. Soldiers must wear clothing that identifies them as military and
they must bear their arms openly. The use in covert operations of
Ghillie suits, camouflage face paint, and the lack of any military
insignia violated this rule. No one in Redford suspected they were
there; they were invisible to every one of us. | ||||||||||||||
C. The military must obey the laws and customs of war. The substandard
medical care given to Esequiel Hernandez, Jr., violated the Geneva
Convention requirements that civilian wounded be protected and cared
for. | ||||||||||||||
"All of these were violations of International Law which would have
protected the citizens of Redford had it been an enemy village in
wartime but were denied us by JTF6 as a community of Americans on
American soil in peacetime. | ||||||||||||||
"5. The tiny community of Redford was publicly labelled as a "Drug
Smuggling Capital of the Southwest" by U.S. drug enforcement officials
in 1991. This is the defamation of an entire American community through
military techniques of psychological warfare. This condemnation in the
press contributed to the tragic killing there and echoes of it resound
throughout the Coyne Report to justify military operations. For
example, the Marine patrol was instructed that Redford was a hostile
community that sheltered drug smugglers (Q. E. D.). They were not
informed that they were observing a Class B Customs crossing and they
were not told that their LP/OP was set up within the bounds of a
residential area. (Coyne Report) | ||||||||||||||
"6. The irresponsible development and use of criminal/psychological
profiles by law enforcement agencies and JTF6 and their provision to
military units for use in Redford that depict goat herders, cowboys on
horseback with saddlebags, and backpackers as armed scouts and drug
traffickers reveal a profound ignorance of the cultural life of border
communities. And they endanger the very lives of great numbers of the
citizens of those communities. | ||||||||||||||
"7. In the Redford incident, 20 May 1997, JTF6 demonstrated an obvious disregard for private property rights. JTF6 violated the environmental regulations as set forth in their own PEIS of 1994. JTF6 infringed on the sovereignty of the State of Texas with wholesale violations of firearms statutes, i.e., firing across public roads, firing towards inhabited dwellings, and firing too close to a state highway. | ||||||||||||||
"8. And finally, JTF6's military support activities on the border
includes the first killing in the entire history of the United States
Marine Corps of an American citizen by an American Marine on American
soil. | ||||||||||||||
"Therefore, it is urgent to the protection of our democratic form of
government that JTF6 be terminated immediately. | ||||||||||||||
THE REDFORD CITIZENS' COMMITTEE FOR JUSTICE Redford, Texas | ||||||||||||||
September 17, 1998 | ||||||||||||||
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WEEKLY NEWS IN REVIEW (Top) | ||||||||||||||
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Drug Policy (Unreal Division)- COMMENT: (Top) | ||||||||||||||
Despite nearly universal preoccupation with Presidential sex scandals,
Congress contrived to make a fool of itself in a couple of drug policy
areas. In addition to damning cannabis as medicine, the House also
voted to override McCzar and force more money on the drug war for the
purposes of interdiction. | ||||||||||||||
I wonder if any editors noticed that this is a purely political $3.2 billion dollar potshot at the Clinton Administration. No, they're too busy worrying about the 4.5 million it cost to have the President's denials thoroughly checked out by Starr. First things first. | ||||||||||||||
DRUG CZAR WANTS INTERDICTION BILL TO LOSE IN CONGRESS | ||||||||||||||
As the House voted to add $2.6 billion over three years to the government's drug-interdiction efforts,the White House's drug-policy coordinator was urging lawmakers to reject the legislation. | ||||||||||||||
Retired Gen. Barry McCaffrey said he would welcome extra money but
criticized the bill, passed 384-39, as an ill-conceived exercise in
micro management possibly motivated by election-year politics. The
Senate has not yet voted on the measure. | ||||||||||||||
[snip] | ||||||||||||||
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HOUSE OKS $3.2-BILLION MEASURE TO BOLSTER THE FIGHT AGAINST DRUGS | ||||||||||||||
WASHINGTON - The House on Wednesday turned aside Clinton administration objections and overwhelmingly passed a $3.2-billion bill to bolster the Coast Guard, the Customs Service and Latin American governments in their struggle to stop drugs from reaching this country's borders. | ||||||||||||||
The House of Representatives passed the bill, 384 to 39, just hours
after White House drug czar Barry R. McCaffrey testified in the Senate
that a similar measure awaiting action there would be too expensive and
would represent "micro-management of drug tactics based on a shallow
analysis of the problem and our available tools." | ||||||||||||||
[snip] | ||||||||||||||
In the House, Republican leaders insisted that they were boosting the
budget for drug interdiction because they believe that President Clinton
has failed to stem the flow of drugs into the country. | ||||||||||||||
[snip] | ||||||||||||||
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Drug Policy (Mundane Division)- | ||||||||||||||
COMMENT: (Top) | ||||||||||||||
It's not surprising that the ripple effect from Canada's legalization
of commercial hemp would be felt first just South of the border. An
academic endorsement will be difficult for the DEA to refute, but you
can bet they'll try. | ||||||||||||||
The possibility that 60 Minutes might do a piece on the Corcoran State
Prison scandal must be terribly upsetting to Lungren. If aired before
November, the negative publicity could be decisive in what shapes up
as a very close contest for governor. | ||||||||||||||
HEMP'S BENEFITS OUTLINED | ||||||||||||||
A North Dakota State University study says industrial hemp has potential as an alternative crop in the state and recommends that the crop be grown for experimental production and processing. | ||||||||||||||
The study, led by David Kraenzel of the NDSU agriculture economics department, was presented to the Legislative Interim Commerce and Agriculture Committee Thursday afternoon at the Capitol. | ||||||||||||||
[snip] | ||||||||||||||
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GUARDING THE TRUTH ABOUT STATE PRISON | ||||||||||||||
While everyone's interest is focused on Washington these days, one of
the simmering issues that may soon come to the fore in California's
election is the brutality of the prison guards at Corcoran State
Prison. We're told "60 Minutes" is planning a piece on Corcoran, where
43 inmates were wounded and seven were killed by officers from 1989 to
1995. The political dimensions of this touch on attorney general and | ||||||||||||||
[snip] | ||||||||||||||
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Mexico | ||||||||||||||
COMMENT: (Top) | ||||||||||||||
Last week's events on the Mexican border couldn't distract us from our
national preoccupation with Presidential sex, but their ultimate
significance could be enormous. | ||||||||||||||
Ever since two political assassinations propelled Zedillo into the
Presidency and exiled ex-President Salinas to Dublin, the terrible
damage done to Mexico by US drug policy has been beyond either
containment or cover-up. The situation in Colombia may actually be a
bit worse, but we don't share a 2000 mile border with the Colombians.
Our frantic efforts to find Mexican law enforcement officers who
aren't already corrupted seemed almost comical; at least until last
week. However there's nothing funny about a mass execution which, at a
stroke, eclipsed Chicago's St. Valentine's Day massacre. Another
remarkable aspect of this story is that its meaning has yet to sink in
North of the border. | ||||||||||||||
CLOUD OVER MEXICAN ANTI-DRUG FORCE | ||||||||||||||
Two years ago, U.S. and Mexican officials, frustrated by corruption in
Mexican law-enforcement agencies called on the Mexican Army to take the
lead in fighting the drug war. Forming the backbone of the effort were
new, screened units trained by the U.S. Special Forces and given
helicopters for mobility. | ||||||||||||||
But now the program is facing the same evil it was formed to combat.
About 80 members of the elite units have been under investigation in
recent weeks amid allegations that some of them took hundreds of
thousands of dollars in bribes to sneak cocaine-filled suitcases and
illegal immigrants through the Mexico City airport on their way to the
United States. | ||||||||||||||
[snip] | ||||||||||||||
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US LINKS TOP MEXICAN AGENTS TO TRAFFICKERS | ||||||||||||||
Washington-most of the top investigators of an elite Mexican police unit that was trained by Americans may have ties to drug traffickers, U.S. officials say. The disclosure threatens to undermine an ambitious effort to overhaul the deeply corrupt law enforcement system of Mexico. | ||||||||||||||
U.S. government experts traveled to Mexico late last month to
administer routine lie-detector tests to dozens of police agents. Now
officials say some investigators who failed had been chosen for their
posts after elaborate U.S. designed screening. | ||||||||||||||
U.S. officials said they were just beginning to assess the damage that
corrupt investigators might have wrought, a task that could take
months. Most senior officials in the unit were implicated by the
lie-detector tests. | ||||||||||||||
But already, officials are saying that much of the sensitive information that U.S. law-enforcement agents shared with Mexican counterparts over the past year may have been compromised. | ||||||||||||||
[snip] | ||||||||||||||
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MASSACRE IN MEXICO | ||||||||||||||
BY RICARDO SANDOVAL Mercury News Mexico City Bureau | ||||||||||||||
MEXICO CITY - At least 19 men, women and children were gunned to death
Thursday near the resort town of Ensenada, 60 miles south of San Diego,
in what police said could be a drug-related massacre ordered by leaders
of one of Mexico's biggest trafficking cartels. | ||||||||||||||
Police say the families were rousted by gunmen at about 4:30 a.m. Thursday, dragged outside, lined against concrete walls and shot repeatedly with assault rifles, handguns and at least one shotgun. | ||||||||||||||
[snip] | ||||||||||||||
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VICTIMS' DRUG TIES LIKELY BEHIND MEXICO MASSACRE | ||||||||||||||
ENSENADA, Mexico -- Still baffled by the brutality of the act, Mexican
officials said Friday they are all but certain that 18 people were
slaughtered near this seaside community because some of the victims
were linked to the drug trade. | ||||||||||||||
"The motive appears to be problems between two or three groups involved
in drug trafficking," said Baja California state Attorney General Marco
Antonio de la Fuente. | ||||||||||||||
[snip] | ||||||||||||||
Having federal police on the case may not assure some people in Baja California. Critics say that widespread corruption has kept many federal officials in the pockets of drug smugglers for years. | ||||||||||||||
Noting that witnesses describe the attackers as dressed in black -- the
uniform of the federal anti-drug police -- several Mexican reporters
pointedly asked Chavez on Friday about police involvement with area
traffickers. | ||||||||||||||
[snip] | ||||||||||||||
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Medical Marijuana | ||||||||||||||
COMMENT: (Top) | ||||||||||||||
It was another eventful week for this issue, which, more than any
other- arouses prohibitionists to fury. The House, in another
unwitting display of scientific illiteracy and logical incompetence,
voted overwhelmingly against the hated idea that marijuana could be
medicine. Ironically, DC residents will get to vote on the same issue
in November. | ||||||||||||||
Around the country, medical marijuana initiatives are on the ballot in
Alaska, Colorado, Nevada, Oregon, and Washington state, as well as in
DC. As the article in the San Luis Obispo paper points out, the
California governor and attorney general races amount to a second
go-around on 215 for California voters. | ||||||||||||||
HOUSE RULES MARIJUANA DANGEROUS | ||||||||||||||
WASHINGTON (AP) Marijuana is a dangerous and addictive drug and should
not be legalized for medical use, the House said in a resolution passed
310-93 Tuesday. | ||||||||||||||
Efforts to legalize marijuana for medical use in several states are sending the wrong message to teen-agers and the nation as a whole, supporters of the resolution said during debate on the House floor. | ||||||||||||||
The Marijuana Policy Project, which opposed the measure, denounced the
vote. | ||||||||||||||
[snip] | ||||||||||||||
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A NONSENSE RESOLUTION | ||||||||||||||
Casually and with virtually no debate, U.S. Representatives rejected
the idea that marijuana might have medicinal application for patients
who seek relief. | ||||||||||||||
It is a position that ignores evidence both anecdotal and factual. | ||||||||||||||
It borders on the inhumane. | ||||||||||||||
[snip] | ||||||||||||||
Even more important, it told thousands of patients and their doctors - who believe that marijuana can alleviate their conditions, often with less serious and dangerous side-effects than "standard" prescription medications - - that Congress is pleased to see them continue to suffer or to obtain relief only at the price of becoming criminals. | ||||||||||||||
Perhaps it should be called the "Congress has no sense" resolution. | ||||||||||||||
[snip] | ||||||||||||||
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D.C. TO VOTE ON MEDICAL MARIJUANA | ||||||||||||||
WASHINGTON (AP) - Election officials approved an initiative Thursday to
let voters decide whether to legalize marijuana for medical purposes in
the nation's capital. | ||||||||||||||
The District of Columbia Board of Elections had rejected the initiative
a month ago but reconsidered because of a Sept. 3 ruling by D.C
Superior Court Judge Ellen Segal Huvelle that the board wrongly
dismissed 4,600 signatures that a petitioner collected. | ||||||||||||||
[snip] | ||||||||||||||
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POT BATTLE SHIFTS TO BALLOT BOX | ||||||||||||||
LOS ANGELES - Confusion reigns more than ever in California's medical
marijuana wars this fall as the state's most liberal cities and
counties struggle to find a legal way to distribute the weed to
patients who need it, and federal and state authorities fight to close
the few remaining cannabis buyers clubs. | ||||||||||||||
The battle figures to move both to the ballot box and a jury trial, this fall, as pot-supplying cooperatives in three Northern California cities remain open in the face of a four-month-old court order to shut down. The three face contempt of court charges and pro-marijuana activists are eager to see whether any jury will convict their leaders. | ||||||||||||||
[snip] | ||||||||||||||
It also means the November election will largely decide the fate of
medical marijuana. | ||||||||||||||
"Electing Lungren and Stirling would mean four more years of chaos,
because they are adamant about not allowing any sort of distribution,"
Imler said. "If they're elected, the only solution would be for the
federal government to declare this a prescription drug - and they
haven't shown any great eagerness to do it." | ||||||||||||||
Meanwhile, Democratic gubernatorial candidate Gray Davis takes a
noncommittal stance on medical pot, saying he's open to legalizing
distribution to patients if academic studies show a true need. And
state Sen. Bill Lockyer, the Democratic nominee for attorney general,
never blocked passage of medical marijuana bills during his years as
the Senate's president. | ||||||||||||||
[snip] | ||||||||||||||
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International News | ||||||||||||||
COMMENT: (Top) | ||||||||||||||
From Seoul, the IOC had a quick answer for the Australian Olympic
Committee's request for criminal penalties for athletes using
performance enhancing drugs. In a bizarre side-bar, it was also
revealed that Australian troops are routinely given the same kind of
drugs. It's comforting to learn that the US isn't the only nation
prone to such irrationality. | ||||||||||||||
The heroin glut described by the Globe and Mail is world-wide, not
just Canadian, confirming what Congress and McCzar refuse to accept:
interdiction doesn't work. | ||||||||||||||
Australia, plagued by the same glut and a surge in heroin-related deaths, will spend an additional $75 million, mostly because Prime Minister Howard was stung by politically inspired "soft on drugs" criticism. What Howard should really be criticized for is scuttling the heroin maintenance trial approved earlier by Parliament. | ||||||||||||||
Colombia remains another place where the US is stubbornly repeating
past mistakes, hoping for a different outcome. This time it's aerial
spraying of defoliants and becoming more involved in a guerrilla war
in which our proxies are no match for the guerrillas. Does any of that
sound familiar? | ||||||||||||||
IOC: NO JAIL FOR SUSPECT ATHLETES | ||||||||||||||
SEOUL, South Korea-The International Olympic Committee declared its
opposition Monday to the possibility of athletes being jailed for
taking banned performance-enhancing drugs. The Australian Olympic
Committee last month said the penalty for possession, manufacturing,
trafficking and use of steroids and other banned substances should be
the same as those for illicit narcotics. | ||||||||||||||
Under the proposal, anyone importing large amounts of | ||||||||||||||
[snip] | ||||||||||||||
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TROOPS GET THE ALL-CLEAR TO DOSE UP ON ENERGY DRUGS | ||||||||||||||
Australian troops have been officially cleared to use | ||||||||||||||
Guidelines on the use of the substances and techniques have been issued
to the commanders of Australia's special forces units - the Special Air
Service Regiment, 1 Commando Regiment and 4th Battalion Royal
Australian Regiment. | ||||||||||||||
The senior nutritionist at the Defence Science and Technology
Organisation, Mr Chris Forbes-Ewan, said that unlike in sport "all's
fair in love and war". | ||||||||||||||
[snip] | ||||||||||||||
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MARKET FORCES CUT HEROIN PRICE | ||||||||||||||
Canadian police forces are unhappy to observe a buyer's market in the past five or six years for a particularly ugly consumer product: heroin. | ||||||||||||||
Not only has the street cost of the narcotic plummeted, but since
1992-93 the purity of the substance on offer has gone up considerably,
says Detective Ed Roseto of the heroin section in the Toronto Police
special investigations unit. | ||||||||||||||
While a gram of heroin might have sold for about $700 in Toronto a
decade ago, it's now readily available for $200. And Det. Roseto adds:
"We've had grams which we've bought [during undercover operations] for
$100." | ||||||||||||||
Hard numbers for the heroin-addicted population in Canada don't exist, but Richard Garlick, spokesman for the Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse in Ottawa, puts the figure at about 25,000 to 30,000, and says that the number has probably been fairly stable for the past 20 years. | ||||||||||||||
[snip] | ||||||||||||||
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CAMPAIGN GETS UP CLOSE AND PERSONAL ON HEROIN ISSUE | ||||||||||||||
The election campaign turned bitter and personal yesterday when the
Prime Minister, Mr John Howard, accused Labor front bencher Senator
Nick Bolkus of making a despicable claim and called on the Opposition
Leader, Mr Kim Beazley, to bring him into line. | ||||||||||||||
Mr Howard in effect accused Mr Beazley of letting others play dirty
while he kept his hands clean. | ||||||||||||||
Senator Bolkus, shadow Attorney-General, issued a statement before Mr Howard's drugs policy release which said: "Under John Howard, the price of a cap of heroin has dropped from $40 to as little as $5." | ||||||||||||||
[snip] | ||||||||||||||
Among its initiatives in the drug fight, the Government is promising an extra $23.4 million to set up four more Australian Federal Police mobile strike teams; another $10 million for the drug education strategy; another $10 million to expand community-based treatment services; and a $31.6 million increase in funding for border protection. | ||||||||||||||
[snip] | ||||||||||||||
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COLOMBIA'S WAY TO HALT DRUGS AND WAR AT ONCE | ||||||||||||||
Legal jobs would cut incentives to grow drugs - and profits to finance
guerrillas. | ||||||||||||||
Standing in a pasture of browning grass, Victor Manuel Vanegas coos to
a herd of skinny cows before recounting the day in May when the
narcotics police dropped their calling card: a potent herbicide sprayed
on his fields. | ||||||||||||||
[snip] | ||||||||||||||
Some peasants like Vanegas may stay away from coca, the plant whose leaves make cocaine, for fear of spraying or trouble with the law. But, overall, the total area of coca production has climbed sharply every year since 1992, from 91,000 to about 200,000 acres today. | ||||||||||||||
[snip] | ||||||||||||||
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COLOMBIA FEARS U.S. ANTI-DRUG BILL MAY HARM PEACE TALKS | ||||||||||||||
Measure would halt aid over creation of demilitarized zone | ||||||||||||||
White House drug czar Barry McCaffrey said Wednesday that "this bill is
not the answer. I understand that elections are coming, but they should
not vote for this bill." | ||||||||||||||
BOGOTA, Colombia - President Andres Pastrana's government says it fears that a proposed $2.6 billion U.S. anti-drug bill threatens to torpedo upcoming peace talks with the nation's two main guerrilla groups. | ||||||||||||||
[snip] | ||||||||||||||
Pastrana government officials warn, however, that the threat to suspend
aid could scuttle the peace talks, because no anti-drug operations can
occur in the demilitarized zone without risking a direct military
confrontation with the guerrillas. | ||||||||||||||
Foreign Minister Roberto Rojas said he plans to travel to Washington
next week in hopes of dissuading Senate members from passing the
measure. | ||||||||||||||
[snip] | ||||||||||||||
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HOT OFF THE 'NET (Top) | ||||||||||||||
Readers who have suspected that the drug czar is not always as careful with the truth as he might be are urged to have a look at: | ||||||||||||||
It is a full page ad that ran in the October 5th edition of The New
Republic. This important magazine has a circulation of 110,000 with a
very good demographic profile. | ||||||||||||||
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TIP OF THE WEEK | ||||||||||||||
Excellent Article on the Hernandez Murder | ||||||||||||||
Those interested in the details of how Esequiel Hernandez came to be killed by US Marines on drug patrol as well background information on the policies and events leading to use of US military personnel for domestic police work are encouraged to read Monte Paulsen's in-depth report, "Drug War Masquerade" which appeared in the San Antonio Current. | ||||||||||||||
This outstanding expose was written with the help and feedback of Kevin Zeese and may be one of the best overviews on the subject to date. | ||||||||||||||
It can be downloaded in two parts at: | ||||||||||||||
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QUOTE OF THE WEEK (Top) | ||||||||||||||
"A strict observance of the written laws is doubtless one of the high
virtues of a good citizen, but it is not the highest. The laws of
necessity, of self-preservation, of saving our country when in danger,
are of higher obligation." | ||||||||||||||
--Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826), U.S. president. Letter, 20 Sept. 1810 | ||||||||||||||
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FACT OF THE WEEK | ||||||||||||||
The women's prison population increased at an average annual rate of growth of 11.2% from 1985-1996, compared to an annual rate of 7.9% increase for men. As of 1991, 33% of women offenders in state prisons were incarcerated for a drug offense, compared to 21% for men. (1997), p. 5; Bureau of Justice Statistics, U.S. Department of Justice. | ||||||||||||||
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